Trans-locality among Kurds – the case of Turkey
1
Katedra Stosunków Międzynarodowych, Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Krakowie, Polska
Submission date: 2020-03-20
Final revision date: 2020-04-20
Acceptance date: 2020-04-20
Publication date: 2020-06-30
Corresponding author
Studia Humanistyczne AGH 2020;19(2):25-46
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
The article aims at presenting trans-local aspects of Kurdish society and especially trans-local ties maintained by Kurds in Turkey and particularly in Istanbul. Inspired by transnational theories in migration and diaspora studies, the author proposes a categorization of Kurdish migration waves and waves of internal migration in Turkey. Drawing on in-depth interviews conducted with Kurds in Istanbul, depicted are ways of maintaining ties with the country's Kurdish regions and types of social organizing around their culture and perceived needs.
The paper offers an insight into contemporary Kurdish migration in Turkey which leads to the conclusion that although trans-locality has often been forced on Kurds, the socio-political situation in the years 2002-2015 led to the emergence of new, trans-local, socially active Kurdish elite in Turkey.
REFERENCES (67)
1.
Adamson, Fiona. 2002. Mobilizing for the Transformation of Home: Politicized Identities and Transnational Practices, in: Nadje Al-Ali and Khalid Koser (eds.), New Approaches to Migration? Transnational Communities and the Transformation of Home, London: Routledge, pp. 155–168.
2.
Ağırdır, Bekir. 2008. Kürtlerin nüfusu 11 milyonda İstanbul'da 2 milyon Kürt yaşıyor, Radikal, http://www.radikal.com.tr/dizi...- milyonda-istanbulda-2-milyon-kurt-yasiyor-913650/ [09.01.2020].
3.
Alinia, Minoo. 2004. Spaces of Kurdish Diasporas. Kurdish identities, experiences of otherness and politics of belonging, PhD thesis, University of Göteburg: Göteburg Studies in Sociology No. 22.
5.
Arslan, Ruşen. 2005. Kîne em?, in: Ruşen Arslan, Gölgeler. Muş hikayeleri – I, Istanbul: Doz Basım-Yayın, pp. 45–50.
6.
Başer, Bahar, Ann-Catrin Emanuelsson and Mari Toivanen. 2015. (In)visible spaces and tactics of transnational engagement: A multi-dimensional approach to the Kurdish diaspora, “Kurdish Studiesˮ, 3, 2: 128–150.
7.
Bell, Martin, Elin Charles-Edwards, Dorota Kupiszewska, Marek Kupiszewski, John Stillwell and Yu Zhu. 2014. Internal Migration Data Around the World: Assessing Contemporary Practice, “Population, Space and Place”, 21, 1: 1–17.
8.
Berger, Peter L. and Thomas Luckmann. 1991 (1966). The Social Construction of Reality – A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge, London: Penguin Books.
9.
Bocheńska, Joanna. 2016. Mehmet Dicle and His Iridescent Images from Asûs, “Fritillaria Kurdica. Bulletin of Kurdish Studiesˮ, 15: 4–21, http://kurdishstudies.pl/files... [20.01.2020].
10.
Bocheńska, Joanna. 2011. Między ciemnością i światłem. O kurdyjskiej tożsamości i literaturze, Kraków: Księgarnia Akademicka.
11.
Brah, Avtar. 1996. Cartographies of Diaspora: Contesting Identities, London: Routledge.
12.
Brubaker, Rogers. 2005. The 'diaspora' diaspora, “Ethnic and Racial Studies”, 28, 1: 1–19.
13.
van Bruinessen, Martin. 2000. Transnational Aspects of the Kurdish Question, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies Working Paper, European University Institute, Florence, http://www.let.uu.nl/~martin.v... publications/transnational_Kurds.htm [7.10.2014].
14.
van Bruinessen, Martin. 1992. Agha, Shaikh and State – The Social and Political Structures of Kurdistan, London – New York, NY: Zed Books.
15.
Demir, Ipek. 2015. Diaspora. “Global Social Theoryˮ, http://globalsocialtheory.org/... [8.08.2016].
16.
Demir, Ipek. 2012. Battling with Memleket in London: the Kurdish Diaspora's Engagement with Turkey, “Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies”, 38, 5: 815–831.
18.
Dzięgiel, Leszek. 1992. Węzeł kurdyjski: kultura, dzieje, walka o przetrwanie, Kraków: Universitas.
19.
Faist, Thomas. 2010. Diaspora and transnationalism: What kind of dance partners?, in: Rainer Bauböck, Thomas Faist (eds.), Diaspora and Transnationalism: Concepts, Theories and Methods. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, pp. 9–34.
21.
Flick, Uwe. 1997. The Episodic Interview – Small scale narratives as approach to relevant experiences. LSE Methodology Institute, www.lse.ac.uk/methodology/pdf/qualpapers/flick-episodic.pdf [27.10.2019].
22.
Galip, Özlem Belçim. 2015. Imagining Kurdistan: Identity, Culture and Society, London: I.B. Tauris.
23.
Gambetti, Zeynep and Joost Jongerden (eds.). 2015. The Kurdish Issue in Turkey: A Spatial Perspective, London: Routledge.
24.
Gedik, Ayşe. 1996. Internal Migration in Turkey, 1965–1985: Test of Some Conflicting Findings in the Literature. “Review of Urban & Regional Development Studies” 9, 2: 170–179.
25.
Geerdink, Frederike. 2015. Nine questions and answers to shed a light on the violence in Southeast Turkey, https://www.beaconreader.com/f...- geerdink/nine- questions-and-answers-to-shed-a-light-on-the-violence-in-southeast- turkey?ref=profile [20.07.2016].
26.
Glick Schiller, Nina, Linda Basch and Cristina Szanton Blanc (eds.). 1992. Towards a Transnational Perspective on Migration: Race, Class, Ethnicity, and Nationalism Reconsidered, New York: The New York Academy of Sciences.
27.
Gosse, Matthieu. 2016. Chroniques / Urbicide en cours au Kurdistan: Diyarbakır, de la ville-refuge à la ville-cible, “La revue Urbanités”, http://www.revue- urbanites.fr/chroniques-urbicide-en-cours-au-kurdistan-diyarbakir-de-la-ville-refuge- a-la-ville-fgcible/ [20.07.2016].
28.
Greiner, Clemens and Patrick Sakdapolrak. 2013. Translocality: Concepts, Applications and.
30.
Guarnizo, Luis Eduardo and Michael Peter Smith (eds.). 1998. Transnationalism from Below, New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
31.
Hall, Stuart. 1996. Introduction: who needs identity?, in: Stuart Hall and Paul du Gay (eds.), Questions of Cultural Identity, London: Sage.
32.
HDN – Hürriyet Daily News. 2015. Turkish people’s profile revealed in new survey, https://www.hurriyetdailynews.... vey-76485 [20.01.2020].
33.
Hersant, Jeanne & Toumarkine, Alexandre. 2005. Hometown organizations in Turkey:.
35.
IOM International Organization for Migration. 2013. Perspectives On Migration From Iraq – A Survey of Migrants and Potential Migrants in Iraq and the UK 2013, http://iomiraq.net/reports/mig... [20.01.2020].
36.
Jomma, Fuad and Anna Linka. 2017. Działalność publiczna Kurdów w Polsce na tle aktywności diaspory kurdyjskiej w Europie Zachodniej, “Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne”, 1, 17: 213–234.
37.
Jomma, Fuad. 2001. Kurdowie i Kurdystan (Problemy diaspory kurdyjskiej), Gdańsk: Wydawnictwo L&L i DJ.
38.
Jongerden Joost . 2007. The Settlement Issue in Turkey and the Kurds. An Analysis of Spatial Policies, Leiden and Boston, MA: Brill.
39.
Kaczorowski, Karol. 2016. A Return of Forced Migration in Turkey?, “Fritillaria Kurdica. Bulletin of Kurdish Studies”, 13–14: 103–122, http://kurdishstudies.pl/files.... [20.01.2020].
40.
Kaczorowski, Karol. 2015a. Towards The Study of New Kurdish Migration in Turkey, “Fritillaria Kurdica. Bulletin of Kurdish Studiesˮ, 7–8: 38–55, http://www.kurdishstudies.pl/f... [20.01.2020].
41.
Kaczorowski, Karol. 2015b. Religie Kurdów: jezydyzm, Ahl-e Haqq, alewizm, Katowice: Sacrum.
42.
Karpat Kemal H. 2004. The Genesis of the Gecekondu: Rural Migration and Urbanization, “European Journal of Turkish Studies”, 1, http://ejts.revues.org/54 [1.05.2015].
43.
Khayati Khalid. 2008. From victim diaspora to transborder citizenship? Diaspora formation and transnational relations among Kurds in France and Sweden, “Linköping Studies in Arts and Science”, 435, http://www.diva- portal.org/smash/get/diva2:18336/FULLTEXT01.pdf [20.01.2020].
44.
Kreyenbroek, Philip G. 2000. On the Kurdish language, in: Philip G. Kreyenbroek and Stefan Sperl (eds.), The Kurds A Contemporary Overview, London: Routledge, pp. 53-64.
45.
Luthra, Renee and Lucinda Platt. 2016. Elite or middling? International students and migrant diversification, “Ethnicities”, 16, 2: 316–344.
46.
Massey, Douglas S. and Felipe G. España. 1987. The Social Process of International Migration, “Scienceˮ, 237: 733–738.
47.
Mavroudi, Elizabeth. 2008. Palestinians in diaspora, empowerment and informal political space, “Political Geographyˮ, 27, 1: 57–73.
48.
Örs, Duygu. 2019. Intellectual Kurdistanbul – Approaching Istanbul As A Diasporic Experience, “Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studiesˮ, 6, 2: 83–93.
49.
Özcan, Ali K. 2006. Turkey’s Kurds. A theoretical analysis of the PKK and Abdullah Öcalan, London – New York, NY: Routledge.
50.
Özoğlu, Hakan. 2004. Kurdish Notables and the Ottoman State, Evolving Identities, Competing Loyalties, and Shifting Boundaries, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
51.
Romano, David. 2006. The Kurdish Nationalist Movement. Opportunity, Mobilization, and Identity, Cambridge, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
54.
Scheffer, Gabriel. 2003. Diaspora Politics: At Home Abroad, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
55.
Sirkeci, Ibrahim. 2009. Transnational mobility and conflict, “Migration Lettersˮ, 6, 1: 3–14.
56.
Todaro, Michael. 1969. A Model of Labor Migration and Urban Unemployment in Less Developed Countries, “American Economic Review”, 59: 138–148.
57.
Tölölyan, Khachig. 2012. Diaspora studies. Past, present and promise. University of Oxford, International Migration Institute Working Paper 55, https://www.imi.ox.ac.uk/pdfs/... [24.08.2016].
58.
UN – United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 2017. Report on the human rights situation in South-East Turkey, http://www.ohchr.org /Documents/Countries/TR/OHCHR_South-East_TurkeyReport_10March2017.pdf [17.03.2017].
61.
Vertovec, Steven. 1999. Conceiving and researching transnationalism, “Ethnic and Racial Studiesˮ, 22, 2: 447–462.
62.
Watts, Nicole F. 2010. Activists in Office: Kurdish Politics and Protest in Turkey. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.
63.
Weinar, Agnieszka. 2010. Instrumentalising diasporas for development: International and European policy discourses, in: Rainer Bauböck and Thomas Faist (eds.), Diaspora and Transnationalism: Concepts, Theories and Methods, Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, pp. 73–89.
64.
Yavuz, M. Hakan. 2001. Five stages of the construction of Kurdish nationalism in Turkey, “Nationalism and Ethnic Politicsˮ, 7, 3: 1–24.
65.
Yıldız, Kerim. 2005. The Kurds in Turkey. EU accession and Human Rights, London: Pluto Press.
66.
Yuval-Davis, Nira. 2010. Theorizing identity: beyond the ‘us’ and ‘them’ dichotomy, “Patterns of Prejudiceˮ, 44, 3: 261–280.
67.
Yücel, Hakan. 2005. Les jeunes alévis du quartier de Gazi (Istanbul) et les associations de hemşehri: identifications croisées, “European Journal of Turkish Studies”, 2, http://www.ejts.org/document40... [1.05.2015].
Share
RELATED ARTICLE
| eISSN: | 2300-7109 |
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
